Investigation into the use of science by an environmental advocacy Essay

Investigation into the use of science by an environmental advocacy body - Essay Example 12). The report sought to provide a comprehensive and entirely practical ten year plan to exchange all the stationary energy requirements with one hundred percent renewable energy sources using proven technologies along with engineering. This deals with the common notion that the renewable energy cannot be used the replacement of fossil fuels, either as a result of under-development of the technology, or the concerns in regard to the costs associated with the technologies (Husher, 2009, p. 119). The group accepts pro-bono contributions from professionals such as engineers and scientists to take part in their projects in the same way open source software is produced and developed. The organization subscribes to the notion that the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are at dangerous levels that keep increasing and that even when the objective of zero emissions in the worldwide economy is attained, the concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will still have to be decreased to a safer threshold. According to Beyond Zero Emissions, 350 ppm was the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere at which the fragmentation of the ice in the Arctic Sea started (Coghill, Sampford and Smith, 2011, p. 129). An amount in the area around 280 and 325 ppm is seen as the permissible amount and decreasing the levels in the atmosphere to this amount is appropriate and crucial. The organization believes that can be achieved through the implementation of concentrated plants that harvest solar. The prevailing levels of greenhouse gases that are in the atmosphere are already considerably high to push the climatic system way past the tipping scales (Manahan, 2007, p.215). These levels are at an undesirable risk of dangerous and permanent changes to the climate of the globe, biodiversity, and by extension, human civilization (Shukla, 1997, p. 173). These changes have a direct impact on

Theoretical Approaches Essay Example for Free

Theoretical Approaches Essay It is of necessity that the female gender creates fundamental aspects in the interaction with the others and the general social structures of the society. Feminism is perhaps a contagious portfolio which recoups an attractive association with the other members of the society. Been a female is viewed a critical endeavor in the strength and formation of the family which therefore creates the basic environment for the contemporary strength of the society. Females are viewed as important in the procreation process and are theoretically deemed as performing a more persuasive role in the formation of the family than the men. Feminism is associated with vibrant models of specialty that are based on concerns of virtues and good morals. At one level, females are viewed as sources of unity, love, lovers of harmony, weak in sexual motivations and generally compounded by the articulating variables that cushion them towards been dependable persons within the society. As of importance, females are also viewed as risk in terms of emergencies, critical incidences, disadvantaged and therefore relating to various weak aspects than the males. Therefore, the feminism aspects create modalities of association between the woman and the others within the society by the decree of their characteristic variables (Mark, 2005, 33.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conceptually, the gender variable is not the only factor that creates the basics of understanding ones position. Various standpoints have stood as important components which shape the position and interaction of women within our cultural dispensations. Education, professionalism, social-cultural foundations, political provisions and legal pronouncements are important concerns in shaping the modalities of the female functionality as dictated by the societal structures. The codes, ethics and regulations of the society are perhaps important components that have also helped to shape this position. Women are therefore influenced by the scopes of these aspects in the manner they interact with the other people and the contemporary social structures of the society. (Mark, 2005, 57) Work Cited Mark Jackson. Women and the Society: Theories and Models of their Functions and Roles. London, Routledge, 2005, pp.33, 57

Fiduciary Duties

Fiduciary Duties 1.0 Introduction Fiduciary duty refers to a legal duty for an individual to act on behalf of another particular in order to make a relationship of confidence and trust (Davies, 2007). It consists of the set of moral value such as trust, honesty and confidence; fiduciary duty can be obviously seen in the relationship between the shareholders and the board of directors as the BOD are managing the company’s affairs on behalf of the shareholders. However, there is no legal duty between the relationship of individual shareholders and board of directors. Individual shareholders are unable to against the board of directors if the BOD causes any damage unless the company give permission to sue them on behalf of shareholders as BOD and shareholders are separate legal entity. Fiduciary duty is a common law however due to some unethically act of directors, government codified the directors’ duties under section 171 to 177 of Companies Act 2006 so that directors will act in good faith and best inte rest of the company. As these duties had been legalized under Companies Act 2006, the board of directors of every company are binding to these duties as the role of directors. Example of the role of directors are acting within the powers, promoting the success of the company, exercising independent judgement, exercising reasonable care, skill and diligence, avoiding conflict and declaring interest in proposed transactions or arrangement (Davies, 2007). It is very crucial for the BOD to abide the duties as they are managing the company’s affairs. 2.0 Duty to act within powers (Section 171 of Companies Act 2006) In this section directors are required to exercise their power in the company’s constitution. Besides, they are not allows to use their power for any improper purposes such as issue shares for purpose of creating new majority within the company to gain control even though directors honestly believe their act is in the best interest of company; directors can only use their power for purposes which they were conferred or given. It is stated clearly in Section 171 of Companies Act 2006: â€Å"(a) directors are required to act in accordance with the company’s constitution (b) exercise power for purposes for which they are conferred†. This principle implemented in Hogg v Cramphorn in UK. In this case, Colonel Cramphorn has abused his powers by issuing shares to stop Baxter from taking over the company. He also convinced other directors to vote against the takeover by issuing share capital. Although he believes that this action was the bona fide for the company’s interest, this case was held as breach of directors’ duties due to exercise power for an improper motive and it is considered as ultra vires (Mantysaari, 2005). However, this principle does not consider as a breach of duty in Teck Corporation Ltd v Millar in Canada. This is because directors have to consider the reputation, experience and policies of people who are willing to take over the company before the new shares issued. Besides, they are also allowed to use their powers to protect the company if the takeover may cause significant damage to the interest of company (Kershaw, 2012). 2.1Duty to Promote the Success of the Company (Section 172 of Companies Act 2006) Under this statutory, directors are obligated to this duty to act in good faith and act in the way that they consider to enhance the development of the company and get benefits for all members in the company. Moreover, in this section government also requires directors to take account of six factors in the decision making process. Consequently, Section 172 of CA 2006 provides that: â€Å"(1)A director of a company must act in the way he considers, in good faith, would be most likely to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole, and in doing so have regard (amongst other matters) to— (a)the likely consequences of any decision in the long term, (b)the interests of the companys employees, (c)the need to foster the companys business relationships with suppliers, customers and others, (d)the impact of the companys operations on the community and the environment, (e)the desirability of the company maintaining a reputation for high standards of business conduct, and (f)the need to act fairly as between members of the company.† The term â€Å"have regard† in section 172(1) indicates that government leave the decisions of how they implement the individual factors to directors. Furthermore, it is also no requirement for directors to give precedence of any factors; as directors take account of any listed factors or any relevant factors in the decision making process they are considered already fulfilled their duties in this section. The case law in this statutory concerned about the directors should exercise in best interest of the company rather than the principle of promoting the success of the company directly. For example the case of Hogg v Cramphorn, in order to take over the company, directors abused their power by issuing shares to create new majority within the company (Mantysaari, 2005). Under this section, directors must use their powers for intended purposes not collateral purposes and always act in the best interest of company. 2.2 Duty Not to Accept Benefits from Third Parties (Section 176 of Companies Act 2006) The principle of this duty is stated clearly in the statutory. The benefits that accepted from third parties[1] by the directors are considered as breach of directors reason being provided in s.176(1) is because of theirs’ position or directors may do or not do as a director. This statutory also states that directors can only accept the benefits that paid by someone’s services as a director or otherwise to the company and benefits that will not affect the conflict of interest. Section 176 of the Companies Act 2006 provides that: â€Å"(1)A director of a company must not accept a benefit from a third party conferred by reason of— (a)his being a director, or (b)his doing (or not doing) anything as director. (2)A â€Å"third party† means a person other than the company, an associated body corporate or a person acting on behalf of the company or an associated body corporate. (3)Benefits received by a director from a person by whom his services (as a director or otherwise) are provided to the company are not regarded as conferred by a third party. (4)This duty is not infringed if the acceptance of the benefit cannot reasonably be regarded as likely to give rise to a conflict of interest. (5)Any reference in this section to a conflict of interest includes a conflict of interest and duty and a conflict of duties.† One of the examples that breach the duty not to accept benefits from third parties is Tesco Stores v Pook. In this case, Mr Pook, the senior employee, fabricated false invoices about  £500,000 and accepted a bribe of total  £323,749 from third parties. He also denied that the payment is not a bribe but it is a start up loan for his business. However, Judge Peter Smith held that the money is a bribe as the means of false invoices and fraudulent value added tax had documented by the payers. Judge Peter Smith held that the bribe will be accounted on constructive trust based on the case of Attorney-General for Hong Kong v Reid[2] (Fisher, 2003). 2.3 Duty to Exercise Reasonable Care, Skill and Diligence (Section 174 of Companies Act 2006) Generally, this duty was a common law duty which required directors to act with reasonable care, and skill; yet, government codified it under section 174 of Companies Act 2006 by imposing the objective and subjective of standards of care to directors. Directors are obligated to act reasonable care, skill and diligence which indicated by the term of â€Å"must† under s.174(1). â€Å"(1)A director of a company must exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence.† Also, directors are required to follow the subjective and objective standards of care that states in section 174(2) in order to fulfil the standard of competence given. Section 174(2) of Companies Act 2006 provides that: (2)This means the care, skill and diligence that would be exercised by a reasonably diligent person with— (a)the general knowledge, skill and experience that may reasonably be expected of a person carrying out the functions carried out by the director in relation to the company, and (b)the general knowledge, skill and experience that the director has. Under this section, directors are not liable if the negligence found to be honest ought to be excused. It can be seen in the case of Re City Equitable Insurance Co Ltd that held by Romer J where the chairman of the company, Mr Bevan had committed fraud which caused the company loss of  £1,200,000 in the investments. Romer J held that even other directors and auditors involved in this case due to negligence as overlooked the fraud and signed a blank cheque for Bevan, they were honest and still acting in the degree of both still and diligence. Therefore, they’re not suspicious and not liable (Chan, 2009). 3.0 Conclusion In conclusion, there is no effective control on the board of directors even there is statutes as the relationship between board of directors and shareholders are based on fiduciary duty (trust) not legal duty. Therefore, there is no direct remedy for shareholders to against the board of directors as the board of directors only represented shareholders fiduciary. If board of directors had breached their duties, individual shareholders are not allowed to sue the board of directors because shareholders and the board of directors are two separate entities. Besides, when the board of directors breach their duties, the â€Å"victim† is the company not the shareholders. Hence, only the company can sue the board of directors only if the board of directors agrees to sue. Individual shareholders can only against the board of directors if the company accept or individual shareholders are able to raise the issue of minority protection. However, there are remedies to against the board of d irectors due to breach of director duties. The company allows to against the directors who make a mistake at their duties that causes loss in the company. Additionally, directors who make a mistake at their duties can be asked for compensation by the company due to their negligence. Moreover, company can also void the contract that director has an undisclosed interest (Davies, 2007). Parmalat Scandal (2003) Parmalat is an international corporate that produces dairy products which based in Italy. As this company is owned by family members, it causes the lack of transparency of the company which may not only harm the company but also the shareholders. This had led to the scandal of breach of director duties on financial fraud and money laundering in year 2003 by the senior executives of the company and causes 15,000 employees loss their jobs. In December 2003, Parmalat declared bankrupt as the company has a huge debt about â‚ ¬14 billion excluding the â‚ ¬4 billion hole in the company’s accounts due to financial fraud and money laundering (Chalkidou, 2011). This scandal also known as â€Å"brazen fraud†; it was started in mid-November where auditors and banks look into Parmalat’s accounts when the company defaulted on a bond payment which cost â‚ ¬185 million. They realized that one of bank accounts in Cayman Island which holding â‚ ¬4 billion did not exis t (Chalkidou, 2011). The company also fake the statement of financial position by overstated the assets in order to hide the liabilities of â‚ ¬16.2 billion over a fifteen-year period. Moreover, Parmalats CEO also embezzled about â‚ ¬620 million to cover losses of other family-owned corporate (Chalkidou, 2011). There are about 20 individuals that involved in this scandal were sentence in jail included Calisto Tanzi, the founder and Chief Executive Officer of Parmalat and Fausto Tonna, the Chief Financial Officer of company (Tanner, 2010). Both of them where sentence in jail for 18 years and 14 years respectively; whereas, Giovanni Tanzi, Calisto’s brother where sentence 10 years in jail. Other former directors were also sentence in jail for less than 10 years. [1] Third parties refer to company or individual who acting on behalf of an associated body corporation. [2] In the case of Attorney-General for Hong Kong v Reid, it is held that the bribes should consider as constructive trust so that fiduciaries will not have gain any benefits from their illegal behaviour.

Naked Essay -- essays research papers

Naked David Sedaris; Little Brown & co. 1997 â€Å" The women’s open† 1. Throughout the essay â€Å" The women’s open† David’s father obsession for golf is shown. The power of his obsession leads him to forget what should be important to him. 2. Sedaris expresses the lack of heart his father shows towards people and even his children when it comes down to golf. For example the first day Lisa ever got her period was out on the golf course while her dad was watching a professional tournament, at first while she complained about her back pains he just simply brushed her off. At the moment he realized the problem he asked a women just as devoted to golf as he to accompany her to the ladies room for a sanitary napkin. He kept David with him so he could run after the thin tees that usually flew 20 feet away from the golfers swing, just so he could keep them for good luck. On another occasion Lisa’s mother had recorded a video of movies that they enjoy watching together. After her mother had passed away Lisa searched everywhere for the video her mother had made for her. She found it in her fathers basement along with all his golf videos. As she began to watch the video memories began to arise until a man bending down on a golf course appeared on the screen. Her father had recorded a golf tournament over her mothers memories. Sedaris succeeded in letting the reader know how obsessed his father was with golf and the pain it put the family through. 3. Sedaris begins with a short passage foreshadowing an event that will occur that day. He begins this way to let the reader know that there is importance behind the story. After his foreshadowing he commences with the story. 4. Sedaris uses descriptive sets of paragraphs followed by dialogue to express what is going on. For example, returning from the tournament they find Lisa lying in the back seat of his Porsche. the first word out of Lisa’s mouth were not too pleasant . â€Å" My father sighed and shook his head in disappointment. This was the same way he reacted to my mother when anger and frustration caused her to forget herself. Lisa was not a daughter now but just another female unable to control her wildly shifting emotions. â€Å" Don’t mind her,† he said wiping a thin coat of pollen of the wind shield. â€Å" She’s just having lady problems.† † 5. I think Sedaris was very effective in his writing. I don’t like g... ...fe to what I believe he wished it was. But when it comes down it, his family has as many money problems as an average family. 3. Beginning his first line of his first essay in his book with a command he would like to give one of his servants is misleading. Sedaris structures his essay in a way that makes the reader believe that he is rich. But he expresses how he was far from being rich. 4. Sedaris language is beyond effective, his sentences are full of considedness and snobby comments. â€Å"When asked most people say my greatest asset is my skin, which glows it really does! I have to tie a sock over my eyes in order to sleep at night. Other’s like my eyes or my perfect ,gleaming teeth my thick head of hair or my imposing stature, but if you want my opinion, I think my most outstanding feature is my ability to accept a compliment.† His conclusion to the story makes up for all the nonsense he had mentioned before. 5. I thought Sedaris’s first essay â€Å"chipped beef† was a hilarious arrangement of considedness and make believe. Although this essay is not arranged with the perverted humor featured in some of his other essays, he had a very effective way in making the readers laugh

Western Civ Continuous or Discontinuous

Is Human Development Continuous or Discontinuous? Human Development is lifelong, continuous and discontinuous and goes in so many different directions throughout a lifespan. It is plastic, multidisciplinary and is embedded in a changing socio-historical context. I truly believe I live in a continuous development pattern, as I believe the rest of us hope our children to follow in our footsteps of continuity. Sigmund Freud addresses continuous versus discontinuous in the understanding of mental illness. We tend to wonder if a mental illness if just an ordinary person taking something to an extreme, or if it is just a matter of degree. I think there is a difference in the way someone with a mental illness experiences reality. There are so many different kinds of mental illnesses so it is far more complicated than a single entity. There is even debate out there as to what exactly is considered a mental illness versus what is not. I guess to some it is all in the eyes of the beholder. What do we know about Sigmund Freud’s theory? His Psychoanalytic Theory is an intrinsic struggle between ego, id and superego. In children, it focuses mostly on the manifestation of disorders as seen from individual case studies. This theory has psychosexual stages which include oral (birth-1year), anal (1-3yr), Phallic (3-6yr), Latency (6-11yr) and Genital (Adolescence). This theory is unique in that it is a kind of lifespan and states that behavioral manifestations are a result of internal struggles. This theory emphasizes on the role of early experiences on child development and the mediating role of parents. Sigmund Freud proposed that if the child experienced anxiety, thwarting his or her sexual appetite during any libidinal (psychosexual) development stage, said anxiety would persist into adulthood as a neurosis, a functional mental disorder. The biggest problem with this theory is that it is hard to verify. A continuity life is one that basically believes of having stages of development. From infancy and learning to walk and talk to adolescence and making decisions on your own a person living a continuity life accepts life as it changes and adapts to it. Whether it be first day of kindergarten and learning to read to becoming a first time parent we accept that something new is about to happen in our lives and adjust for the change. I don’t know how often people would not accept the stages of life and move forward with the stages/changes but o feel it’s important to do so. Another theory from the text I found interesting with respect to continuity was in the sensorimotor period (behavior reflecting on actions) to the formal operations period (perfection of development) are part of Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. The cognitive development theory is one that I found to be quite interestin g. This theory suggests that a child could adjust to the surroundings based on what was happening at the time; that the stage of a child’s life and growth is a continuous process. The stages, according to Cleverley & Phillips Piaget’s theory suggest that â€Å"whenever a difficulty was encountered, it threw the child out of mental equilibrium, and the child was then forced to make some addition to its mental apparatus; cognitive accommodation occurred. † (pg. 87). In other words, what I think this means is that whenever an event would occur in a child’s life that was of a difficult nature, it would force the child to adjust to the situation and then move forward. Ultimately, every decision that is made (whether these decisions are made during infancy, adolescent or adult) these decisions impact the next stage of life. It’s clear that the cognitive theory of Piaget is one that the stages of development occur in the cognitive state of mind. Discontinuity on the other hand appears to me to be more a religious theory and a basis that there are not necessarily stages to life but events and that the events occurring don’t necessarily predict how the future outcome of that individual might be. The idea behind a discontinuity life is that the events or obstacles that a person is faced with are the pre mapped out plan of god. According to Augustine’s theory that all children are born in sin and act of free will it is my understanding that Augustine’s theory is a theory of discontinuity. This is because discontinuity is having a life with â€Å"personal decision, freely chosen, that will profoundly change the direction of one’s life. (Module Commentary – Historical Antecedents II)    From what I’m understanding Augustine’s theory on discontinuity is that a decision has the ability to significantly impact the outcome of one’s life. According to module commentary research suggests that the past of an individual doesn’t necessarily suggest what the outcome of that person may be. When looking at my life and trying to determine whether my life would be of continuity or discontinuity I have to admit I struggled with the differences. I think that I my life could be either actually. However, after reading the text I would have to say that I would think the majority of my life is continuous in that my life has been full of stages. From infancy to adolescence and then into adult hood these were distinctive stages to which I lived through and made distinctive decisions. I recall events during my childhood such as my parents divorcing that helped me to comprehend and realize that life isn’t perfect. Instead of pitying on the fact that my parents were no longer together and revert back to being an infant (i. e. inability to cope with life and depend on others to make decisions for me and becoming depressed) I opted for the continuity approach and accept the event and move forward. I will say I’m one of five siblings and I can tell you that my youngest brother reverted and fell in a life full of bad decisions with severe impacts and he struggles with moving forward and accepting life as it is. I graduated high school and went off to college. My first child was born while I was in my associates program in college but I kept plugging along with my studies determined and focused to get what I was working so hard for. I had many relationships that ended badly, however, I didn’t revert to a life of pity but rather felt the pain, dealt with the impacts of my decisions and moved forward. Every stage in my life whether it be when I was a child and care free to being a mother of two beautiful children and full of responsibility I’ve realized that my life is continuous. I will keep moving forward with all the events and stages that take place in my life. I do believe these events have the ability to mold a person just by the decisions that were made. I believe that people can have an event happen in their life that in turns has a drastic impact. Take the death of Ivan Ilych for example. He struggled with an illness and then was given the opportunity to reflect on his life and to see things differently. This man had an incredible transformation. In essence what I’m suggesting is that while my life is continuity I am married to a man whose life to me appears to be of discontinuity. The more I learn of what his faith and beliefs are the more easily it is to find complications between the two. According to Cleverley & Phillips â€Å"descriptions of typical behavior can only be made in the context of a theory, because what is to count as typical behavior very much depends upon the point of view of the observer, and furthermore, the language that is used to describe the behavior is usually orrowed from theory, or may have political or ideological connotations. Thus, what the observer sees in children depends upon what model he or she brings along. † (pg. 96). Therefore, I take this to mean that how a person views either their life or the life of someone else is a matter of opinion by the basis of what their foundation of knowledge is based on and what they bring into your l ife with. References: Cleverly, John & Phillips, D. C. (1986) Visions of Childhood. Influential Models from Locke to Spock

My Criminal Behavior Survey

1. If research were to significantly indicate that the tendency to commit crime is inherited, what should be done about or for the children of violent criminals? If research were to indicate the tendency to commit crime is inherited it would change our government significantly. A huge upheaval regarding rights of the citizens would take place. In foreign countries (population control) would be the only answer to control tendency from literally controlling the population. Children of violent criminals should be placed with family members whenever possible.Children may also need some type of therapy. Programs should be set up to monitor these children. Over the past century it has been cropped that the debate of nature verses nurture is an issue. 2. What programs should society implement and why? Programs should be implemented for our children’s needs. Children may need help from psychiatry and a social worker to help them with their problems. Our children’s needs should be kept in mind at all times to teach them good things in life. Children should be educated on how to live a better life, a crime free life.Programs to promote sports and self-confidence for children teach them how to have a better life. Our children deserve a good life. 3. What would be the social, policy, and ethical implications? Social and policy implications would be the guidelines, activities and principles that affect the living conditions of human welfare. They deal with the social issues within the public. Ethical implications would be the mortality that is implied by social issues and the policies. The ethical implications may be that children may follow in their parent’s footsteps. References www. google. com www. chacha. com www. weegy. com