The Weight Of Social Awareness - 1025 Words

Healing Through Design: The Weight of Social Awareness in Design Introduction Institutional facilities are intended to confine and monitor people who commit serious crimes. Their focus has always been to punish these individuals beyond the deprivation of their freedom and not much effort is put into treating these individuals and preparing them to get back into their community. Punishment is viewed as a way of discouraging other members of the community from committing crimes and reducing recidivism. Society often refers to prisoners as separate from their communities. Prisons serve as a physical remainder of this distinction and to reinforce it wired fences have been added to their design further isolating these individuals from their†¦show more content†¦Many have evaluated this problem and have come to the same conclusion: Locking them up isn’t enough. The public is clearly divided about youth crime issues. On one side are those who see youth as victims in need of protection. On the other side is a group who views young offenders as an enemy from whom adults need protection. If the punishment were limited to being deprived of one’s freedom the environment inside penal facilities would be similar to the outside world, giving the offenders both responsibilities and rewards. This would facilitate the readaptation process upon release. Keeping in mind that most young offenders don’t have an average life, providing one for them would help them learn their role within society. Rehabilitation should be the most important part of the incarceration process. In countries where the main emphasis is to rehabilitate recidivism rates are considerably lower, such as Norway with a 20% recidivism rate. The fact that people keep committing crimes serves to remind us of two things: 1) The System is broken. 2) We’re spending a lot of money on prisons. Once you add the costs of policing and courts the justice budget is $11 billion a year (http://www.prisonjustice.ca/downloads/behindbarsleaflet08.pdf). The problem of yo uth crime is not new. What is new is the fact that youth crime has once again become a public issue and the issue now has a different definition. 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Although females scored higher on some of the questions asked, the researcher found that there w as no particular difference between the two groups in regards to nutritional awareness. Weight gain is so commonRead MoreSocial Action And Community Media1250 Words   |  5 PagesSocial Action and Community Media Assignment Mae Fincham The meaning of social action is addressing issues within society in order to spark awareness and result in change. Their main objective is to evoke an emotion to the public. Community Media is any form of media that is created and controlled by a community. The most popular form of community media is through radio as it is listened to by various groups within different communities and allows people to reach out and connectRead MoreMedia Eating Disorders1607 Words   |  7 Pagesthe eating disorder habits and body dissatisfaction in adolescence over the past few decades. This crisis seems most prevalent in females`` than males with 20 percent high school females exhibiting poor eating habits and about 60 percent undergone weight loss attempt (Pritchard and Wilson, 2005). Most affected youngsters endeavor various solutions to cope with this dilemma and in most cases, drug and alcohol abuse and suicide are the worst outcomes that have raised concerns to the society. The informationRead MoreThe Role Of Physical Therapist861 Words   |  4 PagesObesity reduces a child’s opportunities to engage meaningfully in desired activities at home and in school, especially social participation and play (Kuczmarski, Reitz, Pizzi, 2010). According to World Health Organization, when a child is obese or overweight, their quality of life is significantly affected. They are the one that are at greatest risk of teasing, bullying and social isolation (WHO, 2012, p.11). According to Mcnealus (2015), obesity is also seen in children with special needs and the

Film Production of a Thriller Essays - 2150 Words

Film Production of a Thriller The opening sequence of a new thriller, including the titles, aimed at a 15 or 18 certificate audience (approximately two minutes duration). SECTION ONE. We began the ball rolling, by researching into target audiences . To begin with we got information from the BFI (British Board of Film Classification), on the two film certificates 15 and 18. We finally chose the certificate that would allow us to manipulate audiences in the best possible way. In the end the final decision went with the 18 certificate , It allowed us more freedom of speech and we agreed it allowed us to use more conventions that are expected in a thriller. The 18 certificate allowed us to†¦show more content†¦This became a strong idea for us. We thought it would be a worthwhile piece of information if we sent letters off to institutes that were in a position to provide us with relevant information ( for example, how they tackle the thriller genre or a way of making a successful thriller movie). The information that was received from Granada followed the ’High Concept Model’ which is a ten point formula which film scholars use to make successful Hollywood films. With this in mind ,we could now contrast our ideas and see if the thriller film of ours follows that successful formula. That would add key connotational value for the audience, such as intertextual links that could keep the audience in a state of familiarity. We also looked at existing real media texts for their conventions and language to help identify key stereotypes of characters. We began by looking at ‘Se7en’ and the ‘Third man’. 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The Vampire Diaries The Struggle Chapter Two Free Essays

The police had found Stefan’s abandoned car by Old Creek Road. That meant he’d left it somewhere between Drowning Creek and the woods. Elena stumbled on the overgrown path through the graveyard, but she kept moving, head down, arms hugging her light sweater to her. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Two or any similar topic only for you Order Now She had known this graveyard all her life, and she could find her way through it blind. By the time she crossed the bridge, her shivering had become painful. It wasn’t snowing as hard now, but the wind was even worse. It cut through her clothes as if they were made of tissue paper, and took her breath away. Stefan, she thought, and turned onto Old Creek Road, trudging northward. She didn’t believe what Damon had said. If Stefan were dead she wouldknow. He was alive, somewhere, and she had to find him. He could be anywhere out in this swirling whiteness; he could be hurt, freezing. Dimly, Elena sensed that she was no longer rational. All her thoughts had narrowed down to one single idea. Stefan. Find Stefan. It was getting harder to keep to the road. On her right were oak trees, on her left, the swift waters of Drowning Creek. She staggered and slowed. The wind didn’t seem quite so bad any more, but she did feel very tired. She needed to sit down and rest, just for a minute. As she sank down beside the road, she suddenly realized how silly she had been to go out searching for Stefan. Stefan would come to her. All she needed to do was sit here and wait. He was probably coming right now. Elena shut her eyes and leaned her head against her drawn-up knees. She felt much warmer now. Her mind drifted and she saw Stefan, saw him smile at her. His arms around her were strong and secure, and she relaxed against him, glad to let go of fear and tension. She was home. She-was where she belonged. Stefan would never let anything hurt her. But then, instead of holding her, Stefan was shaking her. He was ruining the beautiful tranquility of her rest. She saw his face, pale and urgent, his green eyes dark with pain. She tried to tell him to be still, but he wouldn’t listen.Elena, get up , he said, and she felt the compelling force of those green eyes willing her to do it.Elena, get up now – â€Å"Elena, get up!† The voice was high and thin and frightened. â€Å"Come on, Elena! Get up! We can’t carry you!† Blinking, Elena brought a face into focus. It was small and heart-shaped, with fair, almost translucent skin, framed by masses of soft red curls. Wide brown eyes, with snowflakes caught in the lashes, stared worriedly into hers. â€Å"Bonnie,† she said slowly. â€Å"What are you doing here?† â€Å"Helping me look for you,† said a second, lower voice on Elena’s other side. She turned slightly to see elegantly arched eyebrows and an olive complexion. Meredith’s dark eyes, usually so ironic, were worried now, too. â€Å"Stand up, Elena, unless you want to become an ice princess for real.† It should have been warmer inside the car, but Elena’s nerve endings were coming back to life, making her shake, telling her how cold she really was. Winter is an unforgiving season, she thought as Meredith drove. â€Å"What’s going on, Elena?† said Bonnie from the back seat. â€Å"What did you think you were doing, running away from school like that? And how could you come out here?† Elena hesitated, then shook her head. She wanted nothing more than to tell Bonnie and Meredith everything. To tell them the whole terrifying story about Stefan and Damon and what had really happened last night to Mr. Tanner – and about after. But she couldn’t. Even if they would believe her, it wasn’t her secret to tell. â€Å"Everyone’s out looking for you,† Meredith said. â€Å"The whole school’s upset, and your aunt was nearly frantic.† â€Å"Sorry,† said Elena dully, trying to stop her violent shivering. They turned onto Maple Street and pulled up to her house. Aunt Judith was waiting inside with heated blankets. â€Å"I knew if they found you, you’d be half-frozen,† she said in a determinedly cheerful voice as she reached for Elena. â€Å"Snow on the day after Halloween! I can hardly believe it. Where did you girls find her?† â€Å"On Old Creek Road, past the bridge,† said Meredith. Aunt Judith’s thin face lost color. â€Å"Near the graveyard? Where the attacks were? Elena, howcould you?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her voice trailed off as she looked at Elena. â€Å"We won’t say anything more about it right now,† she said, trying to regain her cheerful manner. â€Å"Let’s get you out of those wet clothes.† â€Å"I have to go back once I’m dry,† said Elena. Her brain was working again, and one thing was clear: she hadn’t really seen Stefan out there; it had been a dream. Stefan was still missing. â€Å"You have to do nothing of the kind,† said Robert, Aunt Judith’s fianc ¦. Elena had scarcely noticed him standing off to one side until then. But his tone brooked no argument. â€Å"The police are looking for Stefan; you leave them to their job,† he said. â€Å"The police think he killed Mr. Tanner. But he didn’t. You know that, don’t you?† As Aunt Judith pulled her sodden outer sweater off, Elena looked from one face to another for help, but they were all the same. â€Å"Youknow he didn’t do it,† she repeated, almost desperately. There was a silence. â€Å"Elena,† Meredith said at last, â€Å"no one wants to think he did. But – well, it looks bad, his running away like this.† â€Å"He didn’t run away. He didn’t! Hedidn’t – â€Å" â€Å"Elena, hush,† said Aunt Judith. â€Å"Don’t get yourself worked up. I think you must be getting sick. It was so cold out there, and you got only a few hours of sleep last night†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She laid a hand on Elena’s cheek. â€Å"I’m not sick,† she cried, pulling away. â€Å"And I’m not crazy, either – whatever you think. Stefan didn’t run away and he didn’t kill Mr. Tanner, and I don’t care if none of you believes me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She stopped, choking. Aunt Judith was fussing around her, hurrying her upstairs, and she let herself be hurried. But she wouldn’t go to bed when Aunt Judith suggested she must be tired. Instead, once she had warmed up, she sat on the living room couch by the fireplace, with blankets heaped around her. The phone rang all afternoon, and she heard Aunt Judith talking to friends, neighbors, the school. She assured all of them that Elena was fine. The†¦ the tragedy last night had unsettled her a bit, that was all, and she seemed a little feverish. But she’d be good as new after a rest. Meredith and Bonnie sat beside her. â€Å"Do you want to talk?† Meredith said in a low voice. Elena shook her head, staring into the fire. They were all against her. And Aunt Judith was wrong; she wasn’t fine. She wouldn’t be fine until Stefan was found. Matt stopped by, snow dusting his blond hair and his dark blue parka. As he entered the room, Elena looked up at him hopefully. Yesterday Matt had helped save Stefan, when the rest of the school had wanted to lynch him. But today he returned her hopeful look with one of sober regret, and the concern in his blue eyes was only for her. The disappointment was unbearable. â€Å"What are you doing here?† Elena demanded. â€Å"Keeping your promise to ‘take care of me’?† There was a flicker of hurt in his eyes. But Matt’s voice was level. â€Å"That’s part of it, maybe. But I’d try to take care of you anyway, no matter what I promised. I’ve been worried about you. Listen, Elena – â€Å" She was in no mood to listen to anyone. â€Å"Well, I’m just fine, thank you. Ask anybody here. So you can stop worrying. Besides, I don’t see why you should keep a promise to amurderer. â€Å" Startled, Matt looked at Meredith and Bonnie. Then he shook his head helplessly. â€Å"You’re not being fair.† Elena was in no mood to be fair either. â€Å"I told you, you can stop worrying about me, and about my business. I’m fine, thanks.† The implication was obvious. Matt turned to the door just as Aunt Judith appeared with sandwiches. â€Å"Sorry, I’ve got to go,† he muttered, hurrying to the door. He left without looking back. Meredith and Bonnie and Aunt Judith and Robert tried to make conversation while they ate an early supper by the fire. Elena couldn’t eat and wouldn’t talk. The only one who wasn’t miserable was Elena’s little sister, Margaret. With four-year-old optimism, she cuddled up to Elena and offered her some of her Halloween candy. Elena hugged her sister hard, her face pressed into Margaret’s white-blond hair for a moment. If Stefan could have called her or gotten a message to her, he would have done it by now. Nothing in the world would have stopped him, unless he were badly hurt, or trapped somewhere, or†¦ But Stefan was in trouble, and she had to find him somehow. She worried about it all through the evening, desperately trying to come up with a plan. One thing was clear; she was on her own. She couldn’t trust anyone. It grew dark. Elena shifted on the couch and forced a yawn. â€Å"I’m tired,† she said quietly. â€Å"Maybe I am sick after all. I think I’ll go to bed.† Meredith was looking at her keenly. â€Å"I was just thinking, Miss Gilbert,† she said, turning to Aunt Judith, â€Å"that maybe Bonnie and I should stay the night. To keep Elena company.† â€Å"What a good idea,† said Aunt Judith, pleased. â€Å"As long as your parents don’t mind, I’d be glad to have you.† â€Å"It’s a long drive back to Herron. I think I’ll stay, too,† Robert said. â€Å"I can just stretch out on the couch here.† Aunt Judith protested that there were plenty of guest bedrooms upstairs, but Robert was adamant. The couch would do just fine for him, he said. After looking once from the couch to the hall where the front door stood plainly in view, Elena sat stonily. They’d planned this between them, or at least they were all in on it now. They were making sure she didn’t leave the house. When she emerged from the bathroom a little while later, wrapped in her red silk kimono, she found Meredith and Bonnie sitting on her bed. â€Å"Well, hello, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern,† she said bitterly. Bonnie, who had been looking depressed, now looked alarmed. She glanced at Meredith doubtfully. â€Å"She knows who we are. She means she thinks we’re spies for her aunt,† Meredith interpreted. â€Å"Elena, you should realize that isn’t so. Can’t you trust us at all?† â€Å"I don’t know. Can I?† â€Å"Yes, because we’re yourfriends. † Before Elena could move, Meredith jumped off the bed and shut the door. Then she turned to face Elena. â€Å"Now, for once in your life, listen to me, you little idiot. It’s true we don’t know what to think about Stefan. But, don’t you see, that’s your own fault. Ever since you and he got together, you’ve been shutting us out. Things have been happening that you haven’t told us about. At least you haven’t told us the whole story. But in spite of that, in spite of everything, we still trust you. We still care about you. We’re still behind you, Elena, and we want to help. And if you can’t see that, then youare an idiot.† Slowly, Elena looked from Meredith’s dark, intense face to Bonnie’s pale one. Bonnie nodded. â€Å"It’s true,† she said, blinking hard as if to keep back tears. â€Å"Even if you don’t like us, we still like you. â€Å" Elena felt her own eyes fill and her stern expression crumple. Then Bonnie was off the bed, and they were all hugging, and Elena found she couldn’t help the tears that slid down her face. â€Å"Yangtze?† Bonnie’s eyes widened. â€Å"But why would he want to kill a dog?† â€Å"I don’t know, but he was there that night, in your house. And he was†¦ angry. I’m sorry, Bonnie.† Bonnie shook her head dazedly. Meredith said, â€Å"Why don’t you tell the police?† Elena’s laugh was slightly hysterical. â€Å"I can’t. It’s not something they can deal with. And that’s another thing I can’t explain. You said you still trusted me; well, you’ll just have to trust me about that.† Bonnie and Meredith looked at each other, then at the bedspread, where Elena’s nervous fingers were picking a thread out of the embroidery. Finally Meredith said, â€Å"All right. What can we do to help?† â€Å"I don’t know. Nothing, unless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena stopped and looked at Bonnie. â€Å"Unless,† she said, in a changed voice, â€Å"you can help me find Stefan.† Bonnie’s brown eyes were genuinely bewildered. â€Å"Me? But what can I do?† Then, at Meredith’s indrawn breath, she said, â€Å"Oh.Oh.† â€Å"You knew where I was that day I went to the cemetery,† said Elena. â€Å"And you even predicted Stefan’s coming to school.† â€Å"I thought you didn’t believe in all that psychic stuff,† said Bonnie weakly. â€Å"I’ve learned a thing or two since then. Anyway, I’m willing to believeanything if it’ll help find Stefan. If there’s any chance at all it will help.† Bonnie was hunching up, as if trying to make her already tiny form as small as possible. â€Å"Elena, you don’t understand,† she said wretchedly. â€Å"I’m not trained; it’s not something I can control. And – and it’s not a game, not any more. The more you use those powers, the more they useyou. Eventually they can end up using you all the time, whether you want it or not. It’sdangerous. â€Å" Elena got up and walked to the cherry wood dresser, looking down at it without seeing it. At last she turned. â€Å"You’re right; it’s not a game. And I believe you about how dangerous it can be. But it’s not a game for Stefan, either. Bonnie, I think he’s out there, somewhere, terribly hurt. And there’s nobody to help him; nobody’s even looking for him, except his enemies. He may be dying right now. He – he may even be†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her throat closed. She bowed her head over the dresser and made herself take a deep breath, trying to steady herself. When she looked up, she saw Meredith was looking at Bonnie. Bonnie straightened her shoulders, sitting up as tall as she could. Her chin lifted and her mouth set. And in her normally soft brown eyes, a grim light shone as they met Elena’s. The match rasped and threw sparks in the darkness, and then the candle flame burned strong and bright. It lent a golden glow to Bonnie’s pale face as she bent over it. â€Å"I’m going to need both of you to help me focus,† she said. â€Å"Look into the flame, and think about Stefan. Picture him in your mind. No matter what happens, keep on looking at the flame. And whatever you do, don’t say anything.† Elena nodded, and then the only sound in the room was soft breathing. The flame flickered and danced, throwing patterns of light over the three girls sitting cross-legged around it. Bonnie, eyes closed, was breathing deeply and slowly, like someone drifting into sleep. Stefan, thought Elena, gazing into the flame, trying to pour all her will into the thought. She created him in her mind, using all her senses, conjuring him to her. The roughness of his woolen sweater under her cheek, the smell of his leather jacket, the strength of his arms around her. Oh, Stefan†¦ Bonnie’s lashes fluttered and her breathing quickened, like a sleeper having a bad dream. Elena resolutely kept her eyes on the flame, but when Bonnie broke the silence a chill went up her spine. At first it was just a moan, the sound of someone in pain. Then, as Bonnie tossed her head, breath coming in short bursts, it became words. â€Å"Alone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  she said, and stopped. Elena’s nails bit into her hand. â€Å"Alone†¦ in the dark,† said Bonnie. Her voice was distant and tortured. There was another silence, and then Bonnie began to speak quickly. â€Å"It’s dark and cold. And I’m alone. There’s something behind me†¦ jagged and hard. Rocks. They used to hurt – but not now. I’m numb now, from the cold. So cold†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie twisted, as if trying to get away from something, and then she laughed, a dreadful laugh almost like a sob. â€Å"That’s†¦ funny. I never thought I’d want to see the sun so much. But it’s always dark here. And cold. Water up to my neck, like ice. That’s funny, too. Water everywhere – and me dying of thirst. So thirsty†¦ hurts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena felt something tighten around her heart. Bonnie was inside Stefan’s thoughts, and who knew what she might discover there? Stefan, tell us where you are, she thought desperately. Look around; tell me what you see. â€Å"†Thirsty. I need†¦ life?† Bonnie’s voice was doubtful, as if not sure how to translate some concept. â€Å"I’m weak. He said I’ll always be the weak one. He’s strong†¦ a killer. But that’s what I am, too. I killed Katherine; maybe I deserve to die. Why not just let go?†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"No!† said Elena before she could stop herself. In that instant, she forgot everything but Stefan’s pain. â€Å"Stefan – â€Å" â€Å"Elena!† Meredith cried sharply at the same time. But Bonnie’s head fell forward, the flow of words cut off. Horrified, Elena realized what she had done. â€Å"Bonnie, are you all right? Can you find him again? I didn’t mean to†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie’s head lifted. Her eyes were open now, but they looked at neither the candle nor Elena. They â€Å"Elena,† the voice said, â€Å"don’t go to the bridge. It’s Death, Elena. Your death is waiting there.† Then Bonnie slumped forward. Elena grabbed her shoulders and shook. â€Å"Bonnie!† she almost screamed. â€Å"Bonnie!† â€Å"What†¦ oh, don’t. Let go.† Bonnie’s voice was weak and shaken, but it was her own. Still bent over, she put a hand to her forehead. â€Å"Bonnie, are you all right?† â€Å"I think so†¦ yes. But it was so strange.† Her tone sharpened and she looked up, blinking. â€Å"What was that, Elena, about being a killer?† â€Å"You remember that?† â€Å"I remember everything. I can’t describe it; it was awful. But what did that mean?† â€Å"Nothing,† said Elena. â€Å"He’s hallucinating, that’s all.† Meredith broke in. â€Å"He? Then you really think she tuned in to Stefan?† Elena nodded, her eyes sore and burning as she looked away. â€Å"Yes. I think that was Stefan. It had to be. And I think she even told us where he is. Under Wickery Bridge, in the water.† How to cite The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Two, Essay examples

Psychological Perspectives of Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (COD)

Questions: Part (a) 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a form of anxiety where the person has thoughts, images or ideas which they find hard to ignore (obsessions). This can lead to them feeling that they have a need to perform certain things to feel better (compulsions). Most people worry, about something or other, all the time, and have routines and things they like to do in a particular way. Its when the thoughts or actions start to affect a persons everyday life that its considered to be OCD. Around one per cent of children and young people suffer from OCD. So in a secondary school of 1000 students there may be 10 people with OCD. There are lots of different types of OCD. For some people its the same worrying thoughts or images that keep coming into their head the obsessions which they feel they have to cancel out in some way with other thoughts. Other people feel the need to do things in order to stop or alleviate the thoughts (compulsions or rituals). ' Using a table like the one below, identify and analyse the key characteristics of 4 psychological perspectives that could be used to explain the cause of an obsessive compulsive disorder. Part (b) For two of the perspectives named in Part a, one from either Psychodynamic or cognitive and the other from either Biological or behaviourism using a table like the one below evaluate the evidence which you have used to support each perspective. Answers: Introduction The Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is considered as a type of anxiety disorder when people suffer from certain obsession that includes undesirable and repetitive sensations, feelings, views, images or behaviors (Murphy, 2010). This study particularly focuses on analysing the psychological perspectives that can explain the aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Part (a) Psychological perspective Key characteristics of perspective to explain cause of OCD Analysis of the perspective to effectively explain the cause of OCD Psychodynamic perspective This psychodynamic perspective of psychology states that every human behavior is influenced by certain unconscious factors. According to Inbar and Lammers (2012) the Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory explains that human behavior is the outcome of three psychodynamic factors of personality that are Id, Ego and Superego. The psychodynamic perspective also involves other factors like family, life events, difficulties and experience that develop human behavior. This perspective has explanatory power for human behavior Explain the cause of conflict between intrapsychic forces and consciousness The perspective states that human development is performed by psychosexual stages where these stages are dependent on specific behavior and psychodynamic developments (Overduin and Furnham, 2012). Strength OCD is a behavioural defect and the psychodynamics perspective proves that these behavioral defects are outcome of defect in human psychology occurring due to changes in human living factors and activities (Angelakis et al. 2015). Weakness This perspective does not involve a scientific experimental approach to prove psychodynamics as a cause of OCD. Evidential Studies The obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is considered as an initiator of obsessive-compulsive disorder. There are other psychodynamic factors like a family, experience and events that causes OCD (Young et al. 2013). The activities in the family like worry, tense environment, the burden of responsibility and distress causes OCD to be developed in conscious of people. Lastly, the life events and experiences act as triggering factor that leads to OCD (Harris and Cranney, 2012). Sociocultural perspective This perspective states that human behavior is the outcome of its social setting, environmental signals, social burdens and cultural circumstances. The manipulations in sociocultural factors can negatively or positively influence human behavior. These social and cultural factors included race, religion, gender, sexuality, and social standards of humans (Overduin and Furnham, 2012). This perspective helps to understand variation in environmental conditions of people It explains the impact of outer environment on inner conscious of mankind This perspective helps to understand social basis of human behavior and personality development This determines the importance of social factors in human life (Cowan and Swearer, 2011). Strength The different cultures reveal similar occurrence rates and surprising reliability in the content and forms of obsessions and compulsions Weakness The symptoms of OCD vary from culture to culture or on the basis of social differences (Campbell and Longhurst, 2013). Evidential Studies But as per studies of Lewin et al. (2009) the social-cultural factors construct the OCD expression but there is no direct evidence for the impact of social cultural factors on the development of OCD. The social differences of people determine their habit for any particular act. Therefore, the socio-cultural background is essential to be analysed before predicting OCD. Behavioral Perspective The behavioral perspective makes it understand that abnormal behavior is sometimes the outcome of cognitive factors like feelings, thoughts, thinking and analysis. These factors control the conscious of mind and manipulate it according to developed prospects. The Cognitively Based Theory states that cognitions develop behaviours. These positive and negative developments of cognitive factors completely depend on conscious of human mind developing experience and analysing the stimuli (Moritz et al. 2010). This perspective explains the importance of thinking and thought process in human behavior The role of external stimuli on developing positive and negative thought process is determined by behavior perspective This perspective works as a powerful tool to understand behaviorism (Rees and Anderson, 2013). Strength This perspective indicates that OCD sufferes have a strong conscious developed for their thinking process, which indicates that obsession and complusions put a deep impact on persons conscious (Inbar and Lammers (2012). Weakness This perspective does not carry any scientific or experimental approach for its explanation as a cause of OCD. Evidential studies It is experimentally stated that 80% people suffering from OCD holds a stronger belief about their thoughts when compared with people without OCD. The development of strong though process for any kind of obsession leads to compulsion and OCD development in the body (Moritz et al. 2010). Biological Perspective The biological perspective explains the biology of the nervous system and its relation with human behavior (Cowan and Swearer, 2011). The biological perspective states that nervous system along with hormones regulates our thought process, which determines human behavior. Any kind of malfunction in nervous system activities leads to the development of abnormality (Griffiths et al. 2011). This perspective helps in understanding biology of human brain More logical approach for understanding human behavior Strength The biological perspective provides scientific explanation to cause of OCD. There are various biological factors experimental proved to be the causes of OCD. Weakness Along with OCD these biological factors show link with other abnormalities as well. Therefore, it is difficult to relay only on biological perspective as cause of OCD. Evidential studies The people suffering from Tourettes syndrome have 50% chances to develop OCD. The individual having OCD has four times increased chances to have another family member with the same disease (Marini and Stebnicki, 2012). It is been experimentally proved in research of Guo et al. (2014) that OCD sufferers have different blood flow patterns in the brain when compared to the normal individual. The orbital gyrus and caudate nucleus head of people suffering from OCD differ from normal individual visualized by brain imaging process. (Part b) Psychological perspective Brief description of study Evaluation of the data gathering methods used by each perspective (AC2.2) Biological perspective This experimental study performed by Guo et al. (2014) explores the link between cerebral region blood flow and behavior of people suffering from OCD. It is been evidentially proved in this study that high rate of blood flow in body leads to development of OCD. The experiment involved the performance of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) process on 139 patients of OCD and 139 controls without OCD. Further, the radioactivity rate (RAR) was calculated to determine results. It was analysed that RAR value of OCD patients was high when compared with RAR value of the control sample. The prefrontal, right occipital and anterior temporal region of the brain showed high RAR in OCD patients. This experiment concluded that OCD patients have high cerebral blood flow when compared with cerebral blood flow of normal individuals. This experiment supports the biological perspective as an explanation to obsessive-compulsion disorder. The experiment involved collection of samples that was 139 OCD patients from Psychiatric Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University. The quantitative data collection method was adopted in research that was SPECT and RAR outcome of 139 patients suffering from OCD. The collected data was analysed by SPSS and results indicated higher blood flow rate of patients suffering from OCD (Guo et al. 2014). This evidential prove is valid and reliable because scientific experimental method (SPECT and RAR value) were adopted to analyse the data. The use of SPECT is ethically valued in medical science as authentic method to determine blood flow rate. Psychodynamic Perspective This study of Young et al. (2013) involves analysis of ten reviews that establish a positive relationship between OCPD and OCD indicating the results favouring OCPD as the cause of obsessive-compulsion disorder. However, out of ten experimental reviews, there were three reviews that do not favour relationship or favour negative relation between the two but seven review literature based on treatment factors, specific interventions with patients, case studies, clinical assessment tools etc. indicate that OCPD and OCD share a positive relation in anorexia nervosa patients. This systematic review was studied where ten study papers were collected as per mentioned criteria Papers were written in the English language Participants fulfil DSM or ICD diagnosis process Patients had OCPD traits or OCD symptoms No sample discrimination on basis of gender and age of participants In this study the qualitative data collection method was adopted to analyse 10 review articles from electronic sources like Medline, Psyinfo and web. The collected literature articles were analysed by researchers with cross-sectional to surveying and quasi-experimental approach. Paper published in any year were collected that fulfilled the data collection criteria The data was analysed by adopting methods for characteristics, outcome measures and quality measures for results of individual studies, which indicated a positive relationship between OCPD and OCD in patients. Conclusion The above study performed to analyse the psychological perspective that provided a clear explanation to aetiology of obsessive-compulsion disorder. The four perspectives that explained the cause of OCD were psychodynamics, sociocultural, biological and behavioral perspectives. However, still there is limited research on psychology and aetiology of OCD but the evidence proves provided in this study for psychodynamic perspective and biological perspective clearly explains the psychological perspective of disorder aetiology. References Books Marini, I. and Stebnicki, M. (2012). The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Murphy, R. (2010). Health psychology. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Journals Angelakis, I., Gooding, P., Tarrier, N. and Panagioti, M. (2015). Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, pp.1-15. Campbell, R. and Longhurst, R. (2013). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Gendered metaphors, blogs and online forums. New Zealand Geographer, 69(2), pp.83-93. Cowan, R. and Swearer, S. (2011). Hope and Guidance for Parents of Children with OCD: A Review of Freeing Your Child from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 19(3), pp.288-294. Griffiths, J., Norris, E., Stallard, P. and Matthews, S. (2011). Living with parents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Children's lives and experiences. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(1), pp.68-82. Guo, H., Zhao, N., Li, Z., Zhu, B., Cui, H., and Li, Y. (2014). Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria,72(1), pp. 44-48. Harris, L. and Cranney, J. (2012). Event-based prospective memory and obsessive-compulsive disorder intrusive obsessional thoughts. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64(4), pp.235-242. Inbar, Y. and Lammers, J. (2012). Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), pp.496-503. Lewin, A., Bergman, R., Peris, T., Chang, S., McCracken, J. and Piacentini, J. (2009). Correlates of insight among youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(5), pp.603-611. Moritz, S., Kloss, M. and Jelinek, L. (2010). Negative priming (cognitive inhibition) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), pp.1-5. Overduin, M. and Furnham, A. (2012). Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review of self-report measures. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(4), pp.312-324. Rees, C. and Anderson, R. (2013). A review of metacognition in psychological models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychologist, 17(1), pp.1-8. Young, S., Rhodes, P., Touyz, S., and Hay, P. (2013). The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits, obsessive-compulsive disorder and excessive exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review.Journal of eating disorders,1, pp. 16.