Psychological Perspectives of Obsessive - Compulsive Disorder (COD)

Questions: Part (a) 'Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a form of anxiety where the person has thoughts, images or ideas which they find hard to ignore (obsessions). This can lead to them feeling that they have a need to perform certain things to feel better (compulsions). Most people worry, about something or other, all the time, and have routines and things they like to do in a particular way. Its when the thoughts or actions start to affect a persons everyday life that its considered to be OCD. Around one per cent of children and young people suffer from OCD. So in a secondary school of 1000 students there may be 10 people with OCD. There are lots of different types of OCD. For some people its the same worrying thoughts or images that keep coming into their head the obsessions which they feel they have to cancel out in some way with other thoughts. Other people feel the need to do things in order to stop or alleviate the thoughts (compulsions or rituals). ' Using a table like the one below, identify and analyse the key characteristics of 4 psychological perspectives that could be used to explain the cause of an obsessive compulsive disorder. Part (b) For two of the perspectives named in Part a, one from either Psychodynamic or cognitive and the other from either Biological or behaviourism using a table like the one below evaluate the evidence which you have used to support each perspective. Answers: Introduction The Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD) is considered as a type of anxiety disorder when people suffer from certain obsession that includes undesirable and repetitive sensations, feelings, views, images or behaviors (Murphy, 2010). This study particularly focuses on analysing the psychological perspectives that can explain the aetiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Part (a) Psychological perspective Key characteristics of perspective to explain cause of OCD Analysis of the perspective to effectively explain the cause of OCD Psychodynamic perspective This psychodynamic perspective of psychology states that every human behavior is influenced by certain unconscious factors. According to Inbar and Lammers (2012) the Freuds Psychoanalytic Theory explains that human behavior is the outcome of three psychodynamic factors of personality that are Id, Ego and Superego. The psychodynamic perspective also involves other factors like family, life events, difficulties and experience that develop human behavior. This perspective has explanatory power for human behavior Explain the cause of conflict between intrapsychic forces and consciousness The perspective states that human development is performed by psychosexual stages where these stages are dependent on specific behavior and psychodynamic developments (Overduin and Furnham, 2012). Strength OCD is a behavioural defect and the psychodynamics perspective proves that these behavioral defects are outcome of defect in human psychology occurring due to changes in human living factors and activities (Angelakis et al. 2015). Weakness This perspective does not involve a scientific experimental approach to prove psychodynamics as a cause of OCD. Evidential Studies The obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is considered as an initiator of obsessive-compulsive disorder. There are other psychodynamic factors like a family, experience and events that causes OCD (Young et al. 2013). The activities in the family like worry, tense environment, the burden of responsibility and distress causes OCD to be developed in conscious of people. Lastly, the life events and experiences act as triggering factor that leads to OCD (Harris and Cranney, 2012). Sociocultural perspective This perspective states that human behavior is the outcome of its social setting, environmental signals, social burdens and cultural circumstances. The manipulations in sociocultural factors can negatively or positively influence human behavior. These social and cultural factors included race, religion, gender, sexuality, and social standards of humans (Overduin and Furnham, 2012). This perspective helps to understand variation in environmental conditions of people It explains the impact of outer environment on inner conscious of mankind This perspective helps to understand social basis of human behavior and personality development This determines the importance of social factors in human life (Cowan and Swearer, 2011). Strength The different cultures reveal similar occurrence rates and surprising reliability in the content and forms of obsessions and compulsions Weakness The symptoms of OCD vary from culture to culture or on the basis of social differences (Campbell and Longhurst, 2013). Evidential Studies But as per studies of Lewin et al. (2009) the social-cultural factors construct the OCD expression but there is no direct evidence for the impact of social cultural factors on the development of OCD. The social differences of people determine their habit for any particular act. Therefore, the socio-cultural background is essential to be analysed before predicting OCD. Behavioral Perspective The behavioral perspective makes it understand that abnormal behavior is sometimes the outcome of cognitive factors like feelings, thoughts, thinking and analysis. These factors control the conscious of mind and manipulate it according to developed prospects. The Cognitively Based Theory states that cognitions develop behaviours. These positive and negative developments of cognitive factors completely depend on conscious of human mind developing experience and analysing the stimuli (Moritz et al. 2010). This perspective explains the importance of thinking and thought process in human behavior The role of external stimuli on developing positive and negative thought process is determined by behavior perspective This perspective works as a powerful tool to understand behaviorism (Rees and Anderson, 2013). Strength This perspective indicates that OCD sufferes have a strong conscious developed for their thinking process, which indicates that obsession and complusions put a deep impact on persons conscious (Inbar and Lammers (2012). Weakness This perspective does not carry any scientific or experimental approach for its explanation as a cause of OCD. Evidential studies It is experimentally stated that 80% people suffering from OCD holds a stronger belief about their thoughts when compared with people without OCD. The development of strong though process for any kind of obsession leads to compulsion and OCD development in the body (Moritz et al. 2010). Biological Perspective The biological perspective explains the biology of the nervous system and its relation with human behavior (Cowan and Swearer, 2011). The biological perspective states that nervous system along with hormones regulates our thought process, which determines human behavior. Any kind of malfunction in nervous system activities leads to the development of abnormality (Griffiths et al. 2011). This perspective helps in understanding biology of human brain More logical approach for understanding human behavior Strength The biological perspective provides scientific explanation to cause of OCD. There are various biological factors experimental proved to be the causes of OCD. Weakness Along with OCD these biological factors show link with other abnormalities as well. Therefore, it is difficult to relay only on biological perspective as cause of OCD. Evidential studies The people suffering from Tourettes syndrome have 50% chances to develop OCD. The individual having OCD has four times increased chances to have another family member with the same disease (Marini and Stebnicki, 2012). It is been experimentally proved in research of Guo et al. (2014) that OCD sufferers have different blood flow patterns in the brain when compared to the normal individual. The orbital gyrus and caudate nucleus head of people suffering from OCD differ from normal individual visualized by brain imaging process. (Part b) Psychological perspective Brief description of study Evaluation of the data gathering methods used by each perspective (AC2.2) Biological perspective This experimental study performed by Guo et al. (2014) explores the link between cerebral region blood flow and behavior of people suffering from OCD. It is been evidentially proved in this study that high rate of blood flow in body leads to development of OCD. The experiment involved the performance of Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT) process on 139 patients of OCD and 139 controls without OCD. Further, the radioactivity rate (RAR) was calculated to determine results. It was analysed that RAR value of OCD patients was high when compared with RAR value of the control sample. The prefrontal, right occipital and anterior temporal region of the brain showed high RAR in OCD patients. This experiment concluded that OCD patients have high cerebral blood flow when compared with cerebral blood flow of normal individuals. This experiment supports the biological perspective as an explanation to obsessive-compulsion disorder. The experiment involved collection of samples that was 139 OCD patients from Psychiatric Department of the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhengzhou University. The quantitative data collection method was adopted in research that was SPECT and RAR outcome of 139 patients suffering from OCD. The collected data was analysed by SPSS and results indicated higher blood flow rate of patients suffering from OCD (Guo et al. 2014). This evidential prove is valid and reliable because scientific experimental method (SPECT and RAR value) were adopted to analyse the data. The use of SPECT is ethically valued in medical science as authentic method to determine blood flow rate. Psychodynamic Perspective This study of Young et al. (2013) involves analysis of ten reviews that establish a positive relationship between OCPD and OCD indicating the results favouring OCPD as the cause of obsessive-compulsion disorder. However, out of ten experimental reviews, there were three reviews that do not favour relationship or favour negative relation between the two but seven review literature based on treatment factors, specific interventions with patients, case studies, clinical assessment tools etc. indicate that OCPD and OCD share a positive relation in anorexia nervosa patients. This systematic review was studied where ten study papers were collected as per mentioned criteria Papers were written in the English language Participants fulfil DSM or ICD diagnosis process Patients had OCPD traits or OCD symptoms No sample discrimination on basis of gender and age of participants In this study the qualitative data collection method was adopted to analyse 10 review articles from electronic sources like Medline, Psyinfo and web. The collected literature articles were analysed by researchers with cross-sectional to surveying and quasi-experimental approach. Paper published in any year were collected that fulfilled the data collection criteria The data was analysed by adopting methods for characteristics, outcome measures and quality measures for results of individual studies, which indicated a positive relationship between OCPD and OCD in patients. Conclusion The above study performed to analyse the psychological perspective that provided a clear explanation to aetiology of obsessive-compulsion disorder. The four perspectives that explained the cause of OCD were psychodynamics, sociocultural, biological and behavioral perspectives. However, still there is limited research on psychology and aetiology of OCD but the evidence proves provided in this study for psychodynamic perspective and biological perspective clearly explains the psychological perspective of disorder aetiology. References Books Marini, I. and Stebnicki, M. (2012). The Psychological and Social Impact of Illness and Disability. New York: Springer Pub. Co. Murphy, R. (2010). Health psychology. New York: Nova Science Publishers. Journals Angelakis, I., Gooding, P., Tarrier, N. and Panagioti, M. (2015). Suicidality in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD): A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 39, pp.1-15. Campbell, R. and Longhurst, R. (2013). Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): Gendered metaphors, blogs and online forums. New Zealand Geographer, 69(2), pp.83-93. Cowan, R. and Swearer, S. (2011). Hope and Guidance for Parents of Children with OCD: A Review of Freeing Your Child from Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. School Psychology Quarterly, 19(3), pp.288-294. Griffiths, J., Norris, E., Stallard, P. and Matthews, S. (2011). Living with parents with obsessive-compulsive disorder: Children's lives and experiences. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85(1), pp.68-82. Guo, H., Zhao, N., Li, Z., Zhu, B., Cui, H., and Li, Y. (2014). Regional cerebral blood flow and cognitive function in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder.Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria,72(1), pp. 44-48. Harris, L. and Cranney, J. (2012). Event-based prospective memory and obsessive-compulsive disorder intrusive obsessional thoughts. Australian Journal of Psychology, 64(4), pp.235-242. Inbar, Y. and Lammers, J. (2012). Political Diversity in Social and Personality Psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 7(5), pp.496-503. Lewin, A., Bergman, R., Peris, T., Chang, S., McCracken, J. and Piacentini, J. (2009). Correlates of insight among youth with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(5), pp.603-611. Moritz, S., Kloss, M. and Jelinek, L. (2010). Negative priming (cognitive inhibition) in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 41(1), pp.1-5. Overduin, M. and Furnham, A. (2012). Assessing obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD): A review of self-report measures. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 1(4), pp.312-324. Rees, C. and Anderson, R. (2013). A review of metacognition in psychological models of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Clinical Psychologist, 17(1), pp.1-8. Young, S., Rhodes, P., Touyz, S., and Hay, P. (2013). The relationship between obsessive-compulsive personality disorder traits, obsessive-compulsive disorder and excessive exercise in patients with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review.Journal of eating disorders,1, pp. 16.